Family medicine / general practice
Also called: GP, family doctor, primary care physician
- Treats
- Everyday illnesses, checkups, screenings, vaccines, long-term conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes, and referrals.
- When to see one
- Your first stop for almost anything that is not an emergency.
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Internal medicine
Also called: Internist
- Treats
- Adult medicine, especially people with several long-term conditions at once.
- When to see one
- Complex adult health needs or as an adult primary care doctor.
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Pediatrics
Also called: Pediatrician, children's doctor
- Treats
- Babies, children and teens: growth, development, vaccines, infections and childhood conditions.
- When to see one
- Routine child health and most childhood illnesses.
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Obstetrics and gynecology
Also called: OB-GYN, women's health
- Treats
- Pregnancy, birth, contraception, periods, pelvic pain, menopause and cervical screening.
- When to see one
- Pregnancy care, gynecological symptoms or routine women's health visits.
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Cardiology
Also called: Heart specialist
- Treats
- Heart disease, abnormal rhythms, heart failure, hard-to-control blood pressure and high cholesterol.
- When to see one
- After a referral for chest symptoms, palpitations or an abnormal ECG. Chest pain right now is an emergency.
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Dermatology
Also called: Skin specialist
- Treats
- Moles and skin cancer checks, acne, eczema, psoriasis, rashes, hair and nail problems.
- When to see one
- A changing mole, a rash that will not settle, or persistent acne.
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Endocrinology
Also called: Hormone specialist
- Treats
- Diabetes, thyroid disorders, osteoporosis, adrenal and pituitary problems, and other hormone conditions.
- When to see one
- Diabetes or thyroid disease that needs specialist management.
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Gastroenterology
Also called: GI specialist, gut doctor
- Treats
- Reflux, ulcers, IBS, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, and colonoscopy for bowel screening.
- When to see one
- Ongoing gut symptoms, blood in stool, or bowel cancer screening.
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Pulmonology
Also called: Lung specialist, respiratory medicine
- Treats
- Asthma, COPD, chronic cough, lung nodules, sleep apnea and other breathing problems.
- When to see one
- A cough lasting more than a few weeks or breathing problems that are not controlled.
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Nephrology
Also called: Kidney specialist
- Treats
- Chronic kidney disease, kidney-related high blood pressure, dialysis and transplant care.
- When to see one
- Abnormal kidney blood tests or protein in the urine.
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Neurology
Also called: Brain and nerve specialist
- Treats
- Migraine, epilepsy, stroke recovery, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, nerve pain and memory problems.
- When to see one
- Frequent headaches, seizures, numbness or memory changes. Sudden stroke signs need emergency care.
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Psychiatry
Also called: Psychiatrist
- Treats
- Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, ADHD, psychosis and other mental-health conditions, including medicines.
- When to see one
- When you may need a diagnosis or medicine for your mental health.
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Psychology and counselling
Also called: Therapist, psychologist, counsellor
- Treats
- Talking therapies such as CBT for anxiety, depression, stress, grief, trauma and relationship difficulties.
- When to see one
- Low mood, worry or stress that affects daily life.
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Orthopedics
Also called: Orthopedic surgeon, bone and joint specialist
- Treats
- Fractures, arthritis, joint replacement, spine problems, ligament and tendon injuries.
- When to see one
- A joint injury that does not improve, or arthritis that limits daily life.
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Rheumatology
Also called: Joint and autoimmune specialist
- Treats
- Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, gout, ankylosing spondylitis and other inflammatory conditions.
- When to see one
- Swollen, stiff joints, especially in the morning, or a suspected autoimmune condition.
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Physiotherapy
Also called: Physical therapist, physio
- Treats
- Back and neck pain, sports injuries, recovery after surgery, balance and mobility problems.
- When to see one
- Pain or stiffness that limits movement, or rehabilitation after an injury. In many places you can book directly.
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Ophthalmology
Also called: Eye surgeon, eye doctor (MD)
- Treats
- Cataracts, glaucoma, retinal disease, eye injuries and eye surgery including LASIK.
- When to see one
- Eye disease needing treatment or surgery. Sudden vision loss is an emergency.
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Optometry
Also called: Optometrist, eye exam
- Treats
- Eye exams, glasses and contact lens prescriptions, and screening for eye disease.
- When to see one
- Routine eye checks or blurry vision.
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Ear, nose and throat (ENT)
Also called: Otolaryngology
- Treats
- Hearing loss, chronic sinus problems, tonsils, voice problems, dizziness and snoring.
- When to see one
- Ongoing ear, sinus or throat problems.
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Urology
Also called: Urologist
- Treats
- Kidney stones, urinary problems, prostate conditions and male reproductive health.
- When to see one
- Blood in urine, trouble passing urine or recurring urinary infections.
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Allergy and immunology
Also called: Allergist
- Treats
- Hay fever, food and drug allergies, asthma triggers, hives and immune deficiencies.
- When to see one
- Allergies that affect daily life, or reactions you want tested.
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Oncology
Also called: Cancer specialist
- Treats
- Diagnosis and treatment of cancer, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy and survivorship care.
- When to see one
- After a cancer diagnosis or referral for a suspected cancer.
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Hematology
Also called: Blood specialist
- Treats
- Anemia, bleeding and clotting disorders, and blood cancers.
- When to see one
- Abnormal blood counts or unexplained bruising or clots.
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Infectious disease
Also called: ID specialist, travel medicine
- Treats
- Complex or recurring infections, HIV, tuberculosis and travel-related illness.
- When to see one
- An infection that is not responding to treatment, or advice before risky travel.
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General dentistry
Also called: Dentist
- Treats
- Checkups and cleaning, fillings, gum disease, root canals, crowns and tooth pain.
- When to see one
- Routine checkups, toothache, bleeding gums or a broken tooth.
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Orthodontics
Also called: Braces, clear aligners
- Treats
- Crooked teeth and bite problems in children and adults.
- When to see one
- Concerns about how teeth line up or how the jaws meet.
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Podiatry
Also called: Foot doctor, chiropody
- Treats
- Heel pain, ingrown toenails, diabetic foot care and foot deformities.
- When to see one
- Foot pain or any foot sore if you have diabetes.
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Sports medicine
Also called: Sports physician
- Treats
- Sports injuries, exercise-related pain and safe return to activity.
- When to see one
- An injury from training or play, or advice on starting exercise safely.
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Geriatrics
Also called: Older-adult medicine
- Treats
- Falls, memory problems, frailty and managing many medicines in older age.
- When to see one
- Complex health needs in later life.
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Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
Also called: Fertility specialist, IVF
- Treats
- Difficulty conceiving, IVF, egg freezing, recurrent miscarriage and hormone-related fertility problems.
- When to see one
- Trying to conceive for 12 months (or 6 months if 35 or older) without success.
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Plastic surgery and aesthetic medicine
Also called: Cosmetic surgeon, aesthetic clinic
- Treats
- Reconstructive surgery, cosmetic procedures, injectables and laser skin treatments.
- When to see one
- Reconstruction after injury or surgery, or a cosmetic goal — always check credentials.
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Sleep medicine
Also called: Sleep specialist
- Treats
- Sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy and restless legs.
- When to see one
- Loud snoring with pauses in breathing, or long-term trouble sleeping.
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Radiology and diagnostic imaging
Also called: X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI
- Treats
- Medical imaging that helps other doctors diagnose and monitor conditions.
- When to see one
- Usually after a request from your doctor; some private centers offer self-referral.
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Dietetics and nutrition
Also called: Registered dietitian
- Treats
- Nutrition plans for diabetes, kidney and heart disease, food allergies, digestive problems and healthy weight.
- When to see one
- When food choices are part of managing a condition.
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