Everyday health
When to see a physiotherapist (and what to expect)
What physiotherapists treat, whether you need a referral, what happens at the first appointment, how many sessions to expect and how to choose a good physio.
Key takeaways
- Physiotherapists treat pain and movement problems from injury, illness, surgery or ageing.
- In many places you can book directly without a doctor's referral.
- Most of the benefit comes from the exercises you do between sessions.
Physiotherapists (physical therapists) are licensed health professionals who assess and treat problems with movement and function. They use exercise, hands-on treatment and education to reduce pain and help you get back to what you want to do.
What physiotherapists treat
- Back and neck pain
- Sports injuries, sprains and strains
- Knee, hip and shoulder problems, including arthritis
- Recovery after surgery such as joint replacement or ligament repair
- Balance problems and falls prevention
- Recovery after stroke and other neurological conditions
- Pelvic floor problems, including during and after pregnancy
- Breathing problems in some lung conditions
Do I need a referral?
It depends on where you live and how you pay. Many countries and all US states allow some form of direct access, meaning you can book without a doctor’s referral, though some insurance plans still require one. Check with your insurer or health system first.
Your first appointment
- Conversation: your symptoms, how they started, what makes them better or worse, and your goals.
- Assessment: how you move, your strength, flexibility and balance.
- Explanation: what is likely going on, in plain language.
- Plan: treatment in the clinic and exercises to do at home, with a timeline.
Wear comfortable clothes that let the physio see and move the affected area.
How many sessions?
It varies widely. Some problems need two or three visits with a good home program; others, such as rehabilitation after surgery, need weeks or months. Ask at the start how many sessions they expect and how you will both judge progress.
Choosing a physiotherapist
- Check registration with your national physiotherapy regulator.
- Ask about experience with your specific problem — for example sports, pelvic health or neurological rehabilitation.
- Prefer a clinician who gives you an active home program, not only passive treatments.
- Ask about cost per session and cancellation policies.
See a doctor first, or urgently, if you have pain after a serious injury, a possible fracture, numbness or weakness that is getting worse, unexplained fever or weight loss, or loss of bladder or bowel control.
Read about lower back pain, or get matched with a physiotherapy clinic.
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Sources and further reading
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